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Aortic Aneurysm
An aortic aneurysm (AA) is a ballooning or dilatation of the aorta, the large artery that carries blood from the heart through the chest and abdomen. Aortic aneurysm s are classified according to their location; in the chest, it is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm, in the abdomen an abdominal AA (AAA), and across both areas a thoraco abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Risk Factors for aortic aneurysm
•Family history of aortic aneurysm.
•Inherited conditions such as Marfan’s syndrome.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA)
In addition to the risk factors noted above, infection and trauma can also cause AAA, although most are associated with atherosclerosis.3 A normal abdominal aorta is approximately 2.0 cm in diameter. An abdominal aneurysm places stress on the wall of the aorta. The risk of rupture for an AAA over 5cm in diameter is approximately 20%, over 6cm approximately 40%, and over 7cm over 50%. Rupture of an AAA carries a risk of death up to 90%.4
AAA is more common in men and in individuals aged 65 years and older. AAA is less common in women and with black race/ethnicity.5 AAA (from 2.9–4.9cm diameter) are present in 1.3% of men aged 45–54 years and 12.5% of men aged 75–84 years. Equivalent figures for women are 0% and 5.2% in each age group, respectively.6
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection
Thoracic aortic aneurysms occur equally among men and women, and increase in frequency with older age.4 Thoracic aortic aneurysms are sometimes associated with inherited conditions involving connective tissue, including Marfan’s syndrome and, less frequently, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Marfan’s syndrome has an incidence of 1 of 10,000 persons. In persons with Marfan’s syndrome, the wall of the aorta weakens and stretches. Thoracic AA are also associated with high blood pressure. The incidence rate of thoracic aortic aneurysms is approximately 10.4 per 100,000 person-years.7
Aortic dissection occurs when a tear develops in the lining of the wall of the aorta. This can occur anywhere in the aorta but occurs more often in the thoracic aorta. It is associated with high blood pressure but can also occur from trauma. Aortic dissection can lead to aneurysm formation. The incidence rate of aortic dissection is estimated at 2.9 to 3.5 per 100,000 person-years. Approximately two-thirds of those with an aortic dissection are male.7
Symptoms of Aortic Aneurysms
The most common symptom associated with AA is pain in the affected region: thoracic AA causes pain in the chest or upper back, and AAA results in pain in the abdomen or lower back.
Sudden pain in the chest or upper back for thoracic AA, and in the abdomen or lower back that may radiate to the buttocks, groin, or legs for AAA, may signal growth, dissection, or rupture.9
Aneurysms can occur in many other parts of the body besides the aorta, such as in the brain (cerebral aneurysm), in the groin (femoral aneurysm), or behind the knee (popliteal aneurysm). Cerebral aneurysms can rupture and cause a stroke. Popliteal aneurysms can often be felt as a pulsatile bulge behind the knee. Aneurysms can also be caused by serious infections. Specific treatment is determined by your physician, based on your particular medical history and the size and location of the aneurysm.
Prevention and Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms
Prevention/Treatment: The most effective means of AA prevention is reduction of risk factors: smoking cessation, and control of high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Medications may help reduce the risk of complications with AA. When AA reach a certain size or interfere with surrounding blood vessels or organs, surgical repair or placement of a stent in the aorta may become necessary.9, 10
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for AAA using ultrasound imaging one-time for men aged 65–75 years that have ever smoked, even if they have no symptoms.5 Men aged 60 years and older with a family history of AAA may also be tested.9
Diagnosing Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
AAA can be diagnosed with noninvasive imaging tests including ultrasound and computed tomography (CT).
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